Underrated step for logic building in programming.

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Logic building is a crucial and complex skill in programming. In essence, it is ability to come-up with solution of coding problem and write precise instructions ( or code) that a computer can execute autonomously. This skill requires aligning your thought process with computer and its capabilities. And running through code some-what abstractly to know and predict the behavior of code before it is executed. To be able to do this, one essential step that many beginner programmers overlook is performing dry runs. Understanding Dry Runs The concept of a dry run in programming is straightforward: can you mentally execute your code and predict its output without actually running it on a computer? While this seems simple, it is a challenging task. Typically, we are taught to write code, run it, and observe the output. This cycle is essential because code needs to run to be validated. However, if you rely solely on running your code to understand its behavior, you may struggle with building
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18.1.1 Electric Fields & Forces on Charges

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 Electric Field Definition

  • An electric field is a region of space in which an electric charge “feels” a force
  • Electric field strength at a point is defined as:

The electrostatic force per unit positive charge acting on a stationary point charge at that point

  • Electric field strength can be calculated using the equation:
E = F/Q
  • Where:
    • E = electric field strength (N C-1)
    • F = electrostatic force on the charge (N)
    • Q = charge (C)
  • It is important to use a positive test charge in this definition, as this determines the direction of the electric field
  • The electric field strength is a vector quantity, it is always directed:
    • Away from a positive charge
    • Towards a negative charge
  • Recall that opposite charges (positive and negative) charges attract each other
  • Conversely, like charges (positive and positive or negative and negative) repel each other

Forces on Charges

  • The electric field strength equation can be rearranged for the force F on a charge Q in an electric field E:

F = QE

  • Where:
    • F = electrostatic force on the charge (N)
    • Q = charge (C)
    • E = electric field strength (N C-1)
  • The direction of the force is determined by the charge:
    • If the charge is positive (+) the force is in the same direction as the E field
    • If the charge is negative (-) the force is in the opposite direction to the E field
  • The force on the charge will cause the charged particle to accelerate if its in the same direction as the E field, or decelerate if in the opposite

• Note: the force will always be parallel to the electric field lines

Point Charge Approximation

  • For a point outside a spherical conductor, the charge of the sphere may be considered to be a point charge at its centre

    • A uniform spherical conductor is one where its charge is distributed evenly

  • The electric field lines around a spherical conductor are therefore identical to those around a point charge

  • An example of a spherical conductor is a charged sphere

  • The field lines are radial and their direction depends on the charge of the sphere

    • If the spherical conductor is positively charged, the field lines are directed away from the centre of the sphere
    • If the spherical conductor is negatively charged, the field lines are directed towards the centre of the sphere

    Exam Tip

    You might have noticed that the electric fields share many similarities to the gravitational fields. The main difference being the gravitational force is always attractive, whilst electrostatic forces can be attractive or repulsive.You should make a list of all the similarities and differences you can find, as this could come up in an exam question.

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